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Posted today in News for Health Professionals
Reading Visit Notes May Improve Medication Management
Reading clinical notes can help patients to understand why medications are prescribed and improves medication adherence for some patients, according to a brief research report published online May 28 in the Annals of Internal Medicine.Catherine M. DesRoches, Dr.P.H., from Harvard Medical School and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston,..
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Compound strength-training exercises get fast results, because they work many muscle groups at once. Many of these exercises use just your own bodyweight, such as pull-ups, which engage not only the shoulders and all the muscles of your arms, but also those in your back and core. Other exercises can be enhanced by holding a weight or weights. Hand-Held..
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Doctors prescribe medicines to treat a disease, correct a deficiency, or prevent a condition from happening. For example, beta blockers help lower blood pressure, iron tablets correct iron deficiency, and birth control pills prevent pregnancy. We take our prescribed medication as directed (or sometimes we don’t!) and expect it to do what it is meant […]
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Green Gold
The signing of the 2018 Farm Bill by Trump in December last year paved the way for a more widespread (yet still restricted) cultivation of hemp and a more regulated cannabidiol (CBD) market. And that market is currently booming, with a forecasted revenue of over 22 million by 2022. But there is still a lot […]
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Worshipping The Wine (or Beer) God or Godess
For many Americans, alcohol is a big part of their life. No matter the occasion, from weddings to birthday parties, family gatherings to date nights, most assume alcohol will be available. In fact, more than 50% of people say they would enjoy a major event less if alcohol was prohibited. But at what point does […]
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Specialty | Pharmacology |
In medicine, an adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as surgery.
An adverse effect may be termed a 'side effect', when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect. If it results from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or procedure, this is called a medical error and not a complication. Adverse effects are sometimes referred to as 'iatrogenic' because they are generated by a physician/treatment. Some adverse effects occur only when starting, increasing or discontinuing a treatment.
Using a drug or other medical intervention which is contraindicated may increase the risk of adverse effects. Adverse effects may cause complications of a disease or procedure and negatively affect its prognosis. They may also lead to non-compliance with a treatment regimen. Adverse effects of medical treatment resulted in 142,000 deaths in 2013 up from 94,000 deaths in 1990 globally.[1]
The harmful outcome is usually indicated by some result such as morbidity, mortality, alteration in body weight, levels of enzymes, loss of function, or as a pathological change detected at the microscopic, macroscopic or physiological level. It may also be indicated by symptoms reported by a patient. Adverse effects may cause a reversible or irreversible change, including an increase or decrease in the susceptibility of the individual to other chemicals, foods, or procedures, such as drug interactions.
- 2Reporting systems
- 3By situation
- 3.2Medications
Classification[edit]
In terms of drugs, adverse events may be defined as: “Any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment.”[2]
In clinical trials, a distinction is made between an adverse event and a serious adverse event. Generally, any event which causes death, permanent damage, birth defects, or requires hospitalization is considered a serious adverse event.[3] The results of trials are often included in the labelling of the medication to provide information both for patients and the prescribing physicians.
The term 'life-threatening' in the context of a serious adverse event refers to an event in which the patient was at risk of death at the time of the event; it does not refer to an event which hypothetically might have caused death if it were more severe.[2]
Reporting systems[edit]
In many countries, adverse effects are required by law to be reported, researched in clinical trials and included into the patient information accompanying medical devices and drugs for sale to the public. Investigators in human clinical trials are obligated to report these events in clinical study reports.[4] Research suggests that these events are often inadequately reported in publicly available reports.[5] Because of the lack of these data and uncertainty about methods for synthesising them, individuals conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of therapeutic interventions often unknowingly overemphasise health benefit.[6] To balance the overemphasis on benefit, scholars have called for more complete reporting of harm from clinical trials.[7]
United Kingdom[edit]
The Yellow Card Scheme is a United Kingdom initiative run by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and the Commission on Human Medicines (CHM) to gather information on adverse effects to medicines. This includes all licensed medicines, from medicines issued on prescription to medicines bought over the counter from a supermarket. The scheme also includes all herbal supplements and unlicensed medicines found in cosmetic treatments. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can be reported by a number of health care professionals including physicians, pharmacists and nurses, as well as patients.
United States[edit]
In the United States several reporting systems have been built, such as the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database (MAUDE) and the Special Nutritionals Adverse Event Monitoring System. MedWatch is the main reporting center, operated by the Food and Drug Administration.
Australia[edit]
In Australia, adverse effect reporting is administered by the Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (ADRAC), a subcommittee of the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC). Reporting is voluntary, and ADRAC requests healthcare professionals to report all adverse reactions to its current drugs of interest, and serious adverse reactions to any drug. ADRAC publishes the Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin every two months.The Government's Quality Use of Medicines program is tasked with acting on this reporting to reduce and minimize the number of preventable adverse effects each year.
New Zealand[edit]
Adverse reaction reporting is an important component of New Zealand's pharmacovigilance activities. The Centre for Adverse Reactions Monitoring (CARM) in Dunedin is New Zealand's national monitoring centre for adverse reactions. It collects and evaluates spontaneous reports of adverse reactions to medicines, vaccines, herbal products and dietary supplements from health professionals in New Zealand. Currently the CARM database holds over 80,000 reports and provides New Zealand-specific information on adverse reactions to these products, and serves to support clinical decision making when unusual symptoms are thought to be therapy related
Canada[edit]
In Canada, adverse reaction reporting is an important component of the surveillance of marketed health products conducted by the Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB) of Health Canada. Within HPFB, the Marketed Health Products Directorate leads the coordination and implementation of consistent monitoring practices with regards to assessment of signals and safety trends, and risk communications concerning regulated marketed health products.
MHPD also works closely with international organizations to facilitate the sharing of information. Adverse reaction reporting is mandatory for the industry and voluntary for consumers and health professionals.
Limitations[edit]
In principle, medical professionals are required to report all adverse effects related to a specific form of therapy. In practice, it is at the discretion of the professional to determine whether a medical event is at all related to the therapy. For example, a leg fracture in a skiing accident in a patient who years before took antibiotics for pneumonia is not likely to get reported.[original research?]
As a result, routine adverse effects reporting often may not include long-term and subtle effects that may ultimately be attributed to a therapy.[citation needed]
Part of the difficulty is identifying the source of a complaint. A headache in a patient taking medication for influenza may be caused by the underlying disease or may be an adverse effect of the treatment. In patients with end-stage cancer, death is a very likely outcome and whether the drug is the cause or a bystander is often difficult to discern.[citation needed]
By situation[edit]
Medical procedures[edit]
Surgery may have a number of undesirable or harmful effects, such as infection, hemorrhage, inflammation, scarring, loss of function, or changes in local blood flow. They can be reversible or irreversible, and a compromise must be found by the physician and the patient between the beneficial or life-saving consequences of surgery versus its adverse effects. For example, a limb may be lost to amputation in case of untreatable gangrene, but the patient's life is saved. Presently, one of the greatest advantages of minimally invasive surgery, such as laparoscopic surgery, is the reduction of adverse effects.
Other nonsurgical physical procedures, such as high-intensity radiation therapy, may cause burns and alterations in the skin. In general, these therapies try to avoid damage to healthy tissues while maximizing the therapeutic effect.
Vaccination may have adverse effects due to the nature of its biological preparation, sometimes using attenuatedpathogens and toxins. Common adverse effects may be fever, malaise and local reactions in the vaccination site. Very rarely, there is a serious adverse effect, such as eczema vaccinatum, a severe, sometimes fatal complication which may result in persons who have eczema or atopic dermatitis.
Diagnostic procedures may also have adverse effects, depending much on whether they are invasive, minimally invasive or noninvasive. For example, allergic reactions to radiocontrast materials often occur, and a colonoscopy may cause the perforation of the intestinal wall.
Medications[edit]
Adverse effects can occur as a collateral or side effect of many interventions, but they are particularly important in pharmacology, due to its wider, and sometimes uncontrollable, use by way of self-medication. Thus, responsible drug use becomes an important issue here. Adverse effects, like therapeutic effects of drugs, are a function of dosage or drug levels at the target organs, so they may be avoided or decreased by means of careful and precise pharmacokinetics, the change of drug levels in the organism in function of time after administration.
Adverse effects may also be caused by drug interaction. This often occurs when patients fail to inform their physician and pharmacist of all the medications they are taking, including herbal and dietary supplements. The new medication may interact agonistically or antagonistically (potentiate or decrease the intended therapeutic effect), causing significant morbidity and mortality around the world. Drug-drug and food-drug interactions may occur, and so-called 'natural drugs' used in alternative medicine can have dangerous adverse effects. For example, extracts of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), a phytotherapic used for treating mild depression are known to cause an increase in the cytochrome P450enzymes responsible for the metabolism and elimination of many drugs, so patients taking it are likely to experience a reduction in blood levels of drugs they are taking for other purposes, such as cancerchemotherapeutic drugs, protease inhibitors for HIV and hormonal contraceptives.
The scientific field of activity associated with drug safety is increasingly government-regulated, and is of major concern for the public, as well as to drug manufacturers. The distinction between adverse and nonadverse effects is a major undertaking when a new drug is developed and tested before marketing it. This is done in toxicity studies to determine the nonadverse effect level (NOAEL). These studies are used to define the dosage to be used in human testing (phase I), as well as to calculate the maximum admissible daily intake. Imperfections in clinical trials, such as insufficient number of patients or short duration, sometimes lead to public health disasters, such as those of fenfluramine (the so-called fen-phen episode), thalidomide and, more recently, of cerivastatin (Baycol, Lipobay) and rofecoxib (Vioxx), where drastic adverse effects were observed, such as teratogenesis, pulmonary hypertension, stroke, heart disease, neuropathy, and a significant number of deaths, causing the forced or voluntary withdrawal of the drug from the market.
Most drugs have a large list of nonsevere or mild adverse effects which do not rule out continued usage. These effects, which have a widely variable incidence according to individual sensitivity, include nausea, dizziness, diarrhea, malaise, vomiting, headache, dermatitis, dry mouth, etc. These can be considered a form of pseudo-allergic reaction, as not all users experience these effects; many users experience none at all.
Drugs contain side effects which is the reason why commercials or advertisements put many disclaimers about the unwanted symptoms after taking the drug(s).
Examples with specific medications[edit]
- Abortion, miscarriage or uterinehemorrhage associated with misoprostol (Cytotec), a labor-inducing drug (this is a case where the adverse effect has been used legally and illegally for performing abortions)[8]
- Addiction to many sedatives and analgesics, such as diazepam, morphine, etc.[9]
- Birth defects associated with thalidomide
- Bleeding of the intestine associated with aspirin therapy[10]
- Cardiovascular disease associated with COX-2 inhibitors (i.e. Vioxx)[11]
- Deafness and kidney failure associated with gentamicin (an antibiotic)[12]
- Death, following sedation, in children using propofol (Diprivan)[13]
- Depression or hepatic injury caused by interferon[14]
- Diabetes caused by atypical antipsychotic medications (neuroleptic psychiatric drugs)[15]
- Diarrhea caused by the use of orlistat (Xenical)[16]
- Erectile dysfunction associated with many drugs, such as antidepressants[17]
- Fever associated with vaccination[18][19]
- Glaucoma associated with corticosteroid-based eye drops[20]
- Hair loss and anemia may be caused by chemotherapy against cancer, leukemia, etc.[21]
- Headache following spinal anaesthesia[22]
- Hypertension in ephedrine users, which prompted FDA to remove the dietary supplement status of ephedra extracts[23]
- Insomnia caused by stimulants, methylphenidate (Ritalin), Adderall, etc.[24]
- Lactic acidosis associated with the use of stavudine (Zerit, for HIV therapy)[25] or metformin (for diabetes)[26]
- Mania caused by corticosteroids[27]
- Liver damage from paracetamol[28]
- Melasma and thrombosis associated with use of estrogen-containing hormonal contraception, such as the combined oral contraceptive pill[29][30]
- Priapism associated with the use of sildenafil[31]
- Rhabdomyolysis associated with statins (anticholesterol drugs)[32]
- Seizures caused by withdrawal from benzodiazepines[33]
- Drowsiness or increase in appetite due to antihistamine use. Some antihistamines are used in sleep aids explicitly because they cause drowsiness.[34]
- Stroke or heart attack associated with sildenafil (Viagra), when used with nitroglycerin
- Suicide, increased tendency associated to the use of fluoxetine and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants
- Tardive dyskinesia associated with long-term use of metoclopramide and many antipsychotic medications[35]
Controversies[edit]
Sometimes, putative medical adverse effects are regarded as controversial and generate heated discussions in society and lawsuits against drug manufacturers. One example is the recent controversy as to whether autism was linked to the MMR vaccine (or by thiomersal, a mercury-based preservative used in some vaccines). No link has been found in several large studies, and despite removal of thimerosal from vaccines a decade ago the rate of autism has not decreased as would be expected if it had been the causative agent.[36][37]
Another instance is the potential adverse effects of siliconebreast implants, which led to hundreds of thousands of litigations against manufacturers of gel-based implants, due to allegations of damage to the immune system which have not yet been conclusively proven.[38]
Due to the exceedingly high impact on public health of widely used medications, such as hormonal contraception and hormone replacement therapy, which may affect millions of users, even marginal probabilities of adverse effects of a severe nature, such as breast cancer, have led to public outcry and changes in medical therapy, although its benefits largely surpassed the statistical risks.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). 'Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013'. Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC4340604. PMID25530442.
- ^ abExpert Working Group (Efficacy) of the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). (August 25, 2007). 'Guideline for Industry – Clinical safety data management: definitions and standards for expedited reporting'(PDF). FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Archived(PDF) from the original on May 11, 2009.
- ^Commissioner, Office of the. 'Reporting Serious Problems to FDA - What is a Serious Adverse Event?'. www.fda.gov. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
- ^Expert working group (efficacy) of the international conference on harmonization of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use (August 25, 2007). 'Guideline for Industry Structure and Content of Clinical Study Reports'(PDF). FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Archived(PDF) from the original on May 25, 2009.
- ^Ioannidis JP, Lau J (2001). 'Completeness of safety reporting in randomized trials: an evaluation of 7 medical areas'. JAMA. 285 (4): 437–43. doi:10.1001/jama.285.4.437. PMID11242428.
- ^Chou R, Helfand M (2005). 'Challenges in systematic reviews that assess treatment harms'. Ann Intern Med. 142 (12 Pt 2): 1090–0. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-12_part_2-200506211-00009. PMID15968034.
- ^Ioannidis JP, Evans SJ, Gøtzsche PC, O'Neill RT, Altman DG, Schulz K, Moher D, CONSORT Group (2004). 'Better reporting of harms in randomized trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement'. Ann Intern Med. 141 (10): 781–8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-10-200411160-00009. PMID15545678.
- ^'Mifepristone and Misoprostol for Abortion'. WebMD. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^'Morphine Addiction Withdrawal Symptoms and Treatment'. rehabinfo. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^'Even Low Dose of Aspirin Can Cause Intestinal Bleeding'. WebMD News. November 9, 2000. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^'Coronary Heart Disease'. Weitz & Luxenberg P.C. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^'Kidney Damage'. Gentamicin Information Center. Archived from the original on 2013-05-04.
- ^Bray, R. J. (1998). 'Propofol infusion syndrome in children'. Paediatric Anaesthesia. 8 (6): 491–499. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9592.1998.00282.x. PMID9836214.
- ^Kraus, M. R.; Schafer, A.; Schottker, K.; Keicher, C.; Weissbrich, B.; Hofbauer, I.; Scheurlen, M. (2007). 'Therapy of interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C with citalopram: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study'. Gut. 57 (4): 531–536. doi:10.1136/gut.2007.131607. PMID18079286.
- ^'Diabetes and Antipsychotic Drugs'. Medsafe. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^'Xenical and Diarrhea: a study of 591 users'. eHealthMe. Archived from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^'Can anti-depressants cause sexual dysfunction?'. WebMD. May 15, 2011. Archived from the original on March 21, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^Tapiainen, T.; Heininger, U. (2005). 'Fever following immunization'. Expert Review of Vaccines. 4 (3): 419–427. doi:10.1586/14760584.4.3.419. PMID16026253.
- ^'Possible Side-effects from Vaccines'. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2018-07-12. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^Tripathi, R. C.; Parapuram, S. K.; Tripathi, B. J.; Zhong, Y.; Chalam, K. V. (1999). 'Corticosteroids and glaucoma risk'. Drugs & Aging. 15 (6): 439–450. doi:10.2165/00002512-199915060-00004. PMID10641955.
- ^'Chemotherapy and hair loss: What to expect during treatment'. Mayo Clinic. March 6, 2012. Archived from the original on February 5, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^'Headache After an Epidural or Spinal Anaesthetic'. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^'Ephedra (Ephedra sinica) / ma huang'. Mayo Clinic. September 1, 2012. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
- ^Bergeson, B. (May 6, 2010). 'What Are the Side Effects of Adults Taking Ritalin?'. Livestrong. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^Mokrzycki, M. H.; Harris, C.; May, H.; Laut, J.; Palmisano, J. (2000). 'Lactic Acidosis Associated with Stavudine Administration: A Report of Five Cases'. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 30 (1): 198–200. doi:10.1086/313594. PMID10619755.
- ^'Metformin and Fatal Lactic Acidosis'. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^Patten, S. B.; Neutel, C. I. (2000). 'Corticosteroid-induced adverse psychiatric effects: Incidence, diagnosis and management'. Drug Safety. 22 (2): 111–122. doi:10.2165/00002018-200022020-00004. PMID10672894.
- ^Willacy, H. (January 4, 2013). 'Paracetamol Poisoning'. Patient.info. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^'What is Melasma?'. wiseGEEK. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^Reid, R.; Society of Obstetricians Gynaecologists of Canada (2010). 'SOGC clinical practice guideline. No. 252, December 2010. Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism: An update'. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 32 (12): 1192–1204. doi:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34746-6. PMID21176332.
- ^Wills, B. K.; Albinson, C.; Wahl, M.; Clifton, J. (2007). 'Sildenafil citrate ingestion and prolonged priapism and tachycardia in a pediatric patient*'. Clinical Toxicology. 45 (7): 798–800. doi:10.1080/15563650701664483. PMID17952749.
- ^Behrenbeck, T. (December 14, 2012). 'How do you know if you have rhabdomyolysis from statin use?'. Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^Fialip, J.; Aumaitre, O.; Eschalier, A.; Maradeix, B.; Dordain, G.; Lavarenne, J. (1987). 'Benzodiazepine withdrawal seizures: Analysis of 48 case reports'. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 10 (6): 538–544. doi:10.1097/00002826-198712000-00005. PMID3427560.
- ^Kenny, T. (April 20, 2011). 'Antihistamines'. Patient.info. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^'Metoclopramide & Tardive Dyskinesia'. Tardive Dyskinesia Center. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
- ^'Thimerosal in Vaccines'. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
- ^Jaslow, R. (March 29, 2012). 'CDC sees autism rate rise 25%'. CBS News. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
- ^'Silicone Breast Implants in Relation to Connective Tissue Diseases and Immunologic Dysfunction'. Archived from the original on 2013-03-03. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
External links[edit]
Classification |
|
---|
- Patient Safety Network – includes a glossary and articles on adverse effects, drug reactions, medical error, iatrogenesis, among others.
- Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin – published bimonthly
- Medication Errors—from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
- Medical Product Safety Information – MedWatch lists safety alerts for drugs, biologics, devices and dietary supplements, recalls, market withdrawals, public health advisories and links
- Medical Devices Safety National Library of Medicine (Medline Plus, useful lists of conventional drug and medical device articles and websites)
- When Medicine Hurts Instead of Helps – June 1998 report by the Alliance for Aging Research.
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Side effects can occur when commencing, decreasing/increasing dosages, or ending a drug or medication regimen. Side effects may also lead to non-compliance with prescribed treatment. When side effects of a drug or medication are severe, the dosage may be adjusted or a second medication may be prescribed. Lifestyle or dietary changes may also help to minimize side effects.
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Side Effects A-Z Index:
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A + D Cracked Skin Relief → Acid Reducer Maximum StrengthAcid Reducer Non-Prescription Strength → Advil Congestion ReliefAdvil Film-Coated → Aldoril D50Aldroxicon I → Allres DSAllres Pd → AminophyllineAminosalicylic acid → Anti-inhibitor coagulant complexAnti-thymocyte globulin → ArtaneArteFill → AvanafilAvandamet → AzuretteB
B & O Supprettes → BeFlexBekyree → BethaprimBethaprim Pediatric → BPM DM PHENBPM PE → BuprenorphineBuprenorphine / naloxone → ByvalsonC
C Phen → Capron DMCapron DMT → Ceclor CDCeclor Pulvules → CetrorelixCetrotide → ChlorzoxazoneChoice OB plus DHA → CleviprexClexane → ColiconColidrops → Cort-KCortaid → CyproheptadineCyramza → Cytuss HCD
D 1000 IU → Deconsal IIDeconsal LA → Dermarest Psoriasis Skin TreatmentDermarest Rosacea → Dextromethorphan / phenylephrine / thonzylamineDextromethorphan / phenylephrine / triprolidine → Dimetapp Toddler's Drops DecongestantDimetapp Toddler's Drops Decongestant Plus Cough → DoralDoravirine → DuraclonDurAct → DyzbacE
E Pherol → EmicizumabEminase → Equi-Natal PlusEqui-Natal Rx → EvistaEvithrom → EzolF
FA-8 → FiberallFiberall Tablets → FlutexFluticasone → Fusion PlusFusion Sprinkles with Probiotic → FycompaG
G Bid → Gentex LAGentex LQ → GranisetronGranisol → GynoviteH
H 9600 SR → HiconHiDex → Hydrocodone / phenylephrineHydrocodone / pseudoephedrine → HyzineI
I-Fol Plus → InovaInova 4 / 1 → Isopto HyoscineIsopto Plain → IzbaJ
J-Max → JynarqueK
K + Potassium → KlorvessKlorvess Effervescent → KytrilL
L Thyroxine Roche → LevlenLevlite → LisdexamfetamineLisinopril → Luden's Honey Licorice Throat DropsLuden's Original Menthol Throat Drops → LyzaM
M O S → Maxichlor PEHMaxichlor PEH DM → Menthac Arthritis Cream with CapsaicinMenthocin Patch with Lidocaine → MicRhoGAM Ultra-Filtered PlusMicro-Guard → MononessaMononine → Mycelex-3Myci Spray → MZMN
N Ice → Nebivolol / valsartanNebupent → Nexa Select with DHANexafed Nasal Decongestant → Normosol-R PH 7.4Noroxin → Nytol QuickCapsO
O-CAL FA → One-A-Day EssentialsOne-A-Day Max → OtezlaOti-Sone → OzurdexP
P & S → ParegoricParemyd → Peranex HCPercocet → PHisoHexPhlemex → Polycitra-LCPolydine → Prenate 90Prenate Advance → Prolex PDProlia → Puri-ClensPurinethol → PyrroxateQ
Q Flex → Qvar RediHalerR
R & C → Relion Novolin NReliOn / Humulin R → Rhinosyn-DMRhinosyn-DMX → RosulaRosula Cleanser → RyzoltS
S-adenosylmethionine → Secura Extra ProtectiveSecura Mosturizing → SimronSimuc → SorbitolSorbitrate → Strovite Advance+DStrovite Forte → SurgifloSurgilube → SytobexT
T-Athlete → TenakeTenar DM → TheraSeal Hand ProtectionTheraTears → TopotecanToprol-XL → TriCare Prenatal CompleatTrichlormethiazide → Tusnel Ped-CTusnel Pediatric → Tyzine Pediatric NasalU
U-Cort → Urogesic BlueUrografin 150 → UvadexV
V-C Forte → VerticalmVerv → Visine A.C.Visine Advanced Relief → VyzultaW
Wakespan → WytensinX
X-Hist → XyzbacY
Y-90 Zevalin → YuvafemZ
Z-Bec → ZometaZomig → ZzzQuil1
1000 BC → 12 Hour Nasal Decongestant Spray2
20 / 20 Tears → 20 / 20 Tears3
357 HR Magnum → 3M Skin and Nasal Antiseptic4
4 Way Fast Acting Nasal Spray → 4Head5
5-HTP → 50 + Companion8
8-MOP → 8-MOP9
999 Cold Remedy Granular → 999 Cold Remedy GranularSubsidiary | |
Traded as | NASDAQ: WBMD |
---|---|
Founded | June 14, 1996; 22 years ago[1] (as Healthscape) |
Headquarters | New York City, New York, U.S. |
Key people |
|
Services | Healthcare Information |
Employees | 1,800 (2017) |
Parent | Internet Brands |
Website | www.webmd.com |
Alexa rank | 33 (April 2019)[3] |
WebMD is an American corporation known primarily as an onlinepublisher of news and information pertaining to human health and well-being.[4] The site includes information pertaining to drugs. It is one of the top healthcare websites by unique visitors.
It was founded in 1996 by internet entrepreneur Jeff Arnold. In early 1999 it was part of a three way merger with Sapient Health Network (SHN) and Direct Medical Knowledge (DMK). SHN began in Portland, OR in 1996 by Jim Kean, Bill Kelly, and Kris Nybakken, who worked together at a CD-ROM publishing firm, Creative Multimedia. Later in 1999, WebMD merged with Healtheon, founded by Netscape Communications founder Jim Clark.[5]
Traffic[edit]
During 2015, WebMD's network of websites reached more unique visitors each month than any other leading private or government healthcare website, making it the leading health publisher in the United States.[6] In the fourth quarter of 2016, WebMD recorded an average of 179.5 million unique users per month, and 3.63 billion page views per quarter.[7]
History[edit]
WebMD is best known as a health information services website, which publishes content regarding health and health care topics, including a symptom checklist, pharmacy information, drugs information, and blogs of physicians with specific topics, and provides a place to store personal medical information.[4]URAC, the Utilization Review Accreditation Commission, has accredited WebMD's operations continuously since 2001 regarding everything from proper disclosures and health content to security and privacy.[8]
The company reported $705 million in revenue for the year 2016.[5] In 2017, private equity company Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (K.K.R.) agreed to purchase WebMD Health Corporation for approximately $2.8 billion.[5]
Company[edit]
WebMD is financed by advertising, third-party contributions, and sponsors.[9]
In 2013, the Chicago Tribune reported that WebMD, 'has struggled with a fall in advertising revenue with pharmaceutical companies slashing marketing budgets as several blockbuster drugs go off patent.' In response, WebMD began investing in changes to its site in order to entice users who use its site seeking specific information to linger on the site reviewing other material.[10]
WebMD offers services to physicians and private clients. They publish WebMD the Magazine, a patient-directed publication distributed bimonthly to 85 percent of physician waiting rooms.[11]Medscape is a professional portal for physicians and has training materials, a drug database, and clinical information on 30 medical specialty areas and more than 30 physician discussion boards.[12] WebMD Health Services provides private health management programs and benefit decision-support portals to employers and health plans.
The WebMD Health Network operates WebMD Health and other health-related sites including: Medscape, MedicineNet, eMedicine, eMedicineHealth, RxList, theheart.org, Medscape Education, and other-owned WebMD sites. These sites provide similar services to those of WebMD; MedicineNet is an online media publishing company.[13] Medscape offers up-to-date information for physicians and other healthcare professionals.[14] RxList offers detailed information about pharmaceutical information on generic and name-brand drugs.[15] eMedicineHealth is a consumer site offering similar information to that of WebMD. It was first based on the site created for physicians and healthcare professionals called eMedicine.com.[16]
WebMD China is operated by an unaffiliated online publishing group, and is not part of the WebMD Health Network.[17][18]
Criticism[edit]
Writing in The New York Times Magazine,[19]Virginia Heffernan criticized WebMD for biasing readers toward drugs that are sold by the site's pharmaceutical sponsors, even when they are unnecessary. She wrote that WebMD 'has become permeated with pseudomedicine and subtle misinformation.' Julia Belluz of Vox criticized WebMD for encouraging hypochondria and for promoting treatments for which evidence of safety and effectiveness is weak or non-existent, such as green coffee supplements for weight loss, vagus nerve stimulation for depression, and fish-oil/omega-3 supplements for high cholesterol.[20]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'HealthEon.com WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info - DomainTools'. WHOIS. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
- ^'Steven Zatz Joins WebMD Board of Directors'. Morgan Healey. October 30, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
- ^'WebMD.com Site Info'. Alexa Internet. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
- ^ ab'What We Do For Our Users'. WebMD. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
- ^ abcBray, Chad (July 24, 2017). 'K.K.R. to Buy WebMD and Take Majority Stake in Nature's Bounty'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
- ^'comScore Ranks the Top 50 U.S. Digital Media Properties for December 2015'. comscore.com.
- ^'Transcript of Q4 2016 WebMD Earnings Conference Call'(PDF). Investor.shareholder.com. February 16, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
- ^'WebMD Health Services Group, Inc'.
- ^Some of the sponsors have influence over the content on WebMD.'Web sites for medical information,'News and Observer, September 13, 2007 Archived February 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^Ail, Pallavi; Venkatesan, Adithya. 'WebMD CEO Redmond leaving; company reports narrower loss'. y 7, 2013.
- ^'WebMD Corporation Launches Print Magazine,'The Write News, April 22, 2005
- ^'About Medscape'. www.medscape.com.
- ^'About Us - MedicineNet.com'. medicinenet.com.
- ^'Medscape - About Us'. medscape.com.
- ^'About Us - RxList.com'. rxlist.com.
- ^'About Us - eMedicineHealth.com'. emedicinehealth.com.
- ^'About Us - WebMD'. webmd.cn.
- ^'How WebMD Got Locked Out of the China Market'. Seeking Alpha. July 26, 2017.
- ^Heffernan, Virginia (February 6, 2011). 'A Prescription for Fear'. The New York Times Magazine: MM14.
- ^'The Truth about WebMD, a Hypochondriac's Nightmare and Big Pharma's Dream'. April 5, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
External links[edit]
- Official website